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1 Grammar
I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performancehe implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
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2 דקדוק גנרטיבי
generative grammar -
3 порождающая грамматика
Russian-english psychology dictionary > порождающая грамматика
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4 генеративна граматика
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5 порождающая грамматика
Русско-английский словарь по электронике > порождающая грамматика
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6 порождающая грамматика
Русско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > порождающая грамматика
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7 порождающая грамматика
Русско-английский исловарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства > порождающая грамматика
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8 порождающая грамматика
Русско-английский словарь по вычислительной технике и программированию > порождающая грамматика
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9 generativna gramatika
• generative grammar -
10 порождающая грамматика
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > порождающая грамматика
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11 генеративная грамматика
Русско-английский синонимический словарь > генеративная грамматика
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12 порождающая грамматика
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > порождающая грамматика
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13 порождающая грамматика
Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > порождающая грамматика
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14 порождающий
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15 грамматика
grammar вчт.* * *грамма́тика ж.
grammarавтома́тная грамма́тика — finite state grammarбесконте́кстная грамма́тика — context-free grammarкатегориа́льная грамма́тика — categorial grammarпорожда́ющая грамма́тика — generative grammarграмма́тика составля́ющих — phrase-structure grammarтрансформацио́нная грамма́тика — transformational grammar -
16 грамматика
Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > грамматика
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17 gramática
f.grammar.* * *1 grammar\gramática generativa transformational grammargramática tradicional traditional grammargramática parda figurado cunning, astuteness* * *noun f.* * *SF (=estudio) grammar; (=texto) grammar (book)gramáticosaber o tener mucha gramática parda — to be worldly-wise, know the ways of the world
* * ** * *= grammar.Ex. The authorities had in mind the book's endemic lying, the petty thefts, the denigrations of respect and religion, the bad language and the bad grammar.----* gramática con errores = poor grammar.* gramática de casos = case grammar.* * ** * *= grammar.Ex: The authorities had in mind the book's endemic lying, the petty thefts, the denigrations of respect and religion, the bad language and the bad grammar.
* gramática con errores = poor grammar.* gramática de casos = case grammar.* * *1 (disciplina) grammar2 (libro) grammar book, grammarCompuestos:comparative grammardescriptive grammarstructural grammargenerative grammar( fam):tiene mucha gramática parda he's pretty smart o worldly-wise● gramática transformacional or transformativatransformational grammar* * *
gramática sustantivo femenino ( disciplina) grammar;
( libro) grammar (book)
gramático,-á sustantivo masculino y femenino grammarian
gramática sustantivo femenino grammar: gramática estructural, structural grammar
gramática generativa, generative grammar
♦ Locuciones: gramática parda, astuteness, cunning
' gramática' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
latino
English:
grammar
* * *gramática nf1. [disciplina] grammar;tener gramática parda to be streetwise o worldly-wisegramática comparada comparative grammar;gramática descriptiva descriptive grammar;gramática estructural structural grammar;gramática funcional functional grammar;gramática general general grammar;gramática generativa generative grammar;gramática genérico-contrastiva contrastive grammar;gramática normativa prescriptive grammar;gramática prescriptiva prescriptive grammar;gramática tradicional traditional grammar;gramática transformacional transformational grammar;gramática transformativa transformational grammar2. [libro] grammar* * *f grammar;tener mucha gramática parda be worldly-wiseI adj grammaticalII m, gramática f grammarian* * *gramática nf: grammar* * *gramática n grammar -
18 generativ
Adj.1. BIO. reproductive* * *generative* * *ge|ne|ra|tiv [genəra'tiːf]adjgenerativegeneratíve Zellen — reproductive cells
generatíve (Transformations)grammatik — (transformational) generative grammar
* * *generativ adj1. BIOL reproductive2. LING:generative Transformationsgrammatik generative transformational grammar -
19 контекстная грамматика
1. context-sensitive grammar2. phrase structure grammarРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > контекстная грамматика
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20 gramaty|ka
f 1. sgt (nauka) grammar- gramatyka języka polskiego Polish grammar- sprawdzian z gramatyki a grammar test2. (podręcznik) grammar textbook 3. pot. (lekcja) grammar (lesson)- □ gramatyka generatywna Jęz. generative grammar- gramatyka historyczna Jęz. historical grammar- gramatyka opisowa Jęz. descriptive grammar- gramatyka porównawcza Jęz. comparative grammar- gramatyka transformacyjna Jęz. transformational grammarThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > gramaty|ka
См. также в других словарях:
generative grammar — ☆ generative grammar n. Linguis. a system of linguistic analysis consisting of a limited, unchanging set of rules employing a list of symbols and words to generate or describe every possible sentence in a language: cf. TRANSFORMATIONAL… … English World dictionary
generative grammar — noun count or uncount LINGUISTICS a type of grammar based on a set of rules that can be used to produce all the sentences possible in a language … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
Generative grammar — In theoretical linguistics, generative grammar refers to a particular approach to the study of syntax. A generative grammar of a language attempts to give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words will form… … Wikipedia
generative grammar — Ling. 1. a linguistic theory that attempts to describe the tacit knowledge that a native speaker has of a language by establishing a set of explicit, formalized rules that specify or generate all the possible grammatical sentences of a language,… … Universalium
generative grammar — UK / US noun [countable/uncountable] Word forms generative grammar : singular generative grammar plural generative grammars linguistics a type of grammar based on a set of rules that can be used to produce all the sentences possible in a language … English dictionary
generative grammar — The theory of language structures first proposed in Chomsky s Syntactic Structures (1957). Just as physics studies the forms of physically possible processes, so linguistics should study the form of possible human languages. This would define the … Philosophy dictionary
generative grammar — noun (linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language and assigns them all the correct structural description •… … Useful english dictionary
generative grammar — noun Date: 1959 1. a description in the form of a set of rules for producing the grammatical sentences of a language 2. transformational grammar … New Collegiate Dictionary
generative grammar — noun grammar which describes a language in terms of a set of logical rules whereby the infinite number of possible sentences of that language can be generated … English new terms dictionary
generative grammar — noun (C, U) the description of a language using rules that produce all the sentences of the language that are correct according to the rules of grammar … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
generative grammar — gen′erative gram′mar n. 1) ling. a linguistic theory that attempts to describe the tacit knowledge a native speaker has of a language by establishing a set of formal rules that generate all the possible grammatical sentences of a language, while… … From formal English to slang
